常見3D列印技術及原理

​Common 3D printing technologies and principles​

3D列印與塑膠射出開模相比，能大幅降低製造成本，還可以快速塑型。
目前市面上常見的三種3D列印技術：
1.熱熔堆疊（FDM）
2.光固化（SLA／DLP／LCD）
3.雷射粉末燒結（SLS）
除此之外，還有更進階的Polyjet（彩色噴墨）及MJF（多射流熔融）…等新型態3D列印。
讓我們一起了解3D列印技術及原理​吧！

Compared with plastic injection molding, 3D printing can greatly reduce the manufacturing cost and quickly shape.There are three common 3D printing technologies in the market :
1. Hot melt stacking (FDM)
2. Light curing (SLA/DLP/LCD)
3. Laser Powder Sintering (SLS)
In addition, there are more advanced Polyjet (color inkjet) and MJF (multi-jet fusion)... and other new types of 3D printing.
Let's learn about 3D printing technology and principles​!

3D列印原理 3D printing principle：

1. 建構成形
將3D CAD模型以水平方式切割橫截面，在依次堆疊立體成形。
2. 支撐結構
3D列印成型必須考慮地心引力，所以要額外建立可支撐主體的結構，避免成型時材料往下掉。

1. Constructing into shape
The 3D CAD model is cut horizontally in cross-section, and then stacked three-dimensionally.
2. Support structure
The 3D printing molding must consider the gravity, so it is necessary to build an additional structure that can support the main body to prevent the material from falling down during molding.

三種3D列印技術 Three 3D printing technologies：
1. FDM(熱熔融層積) FDM (Fused Deposition)
最為普遍的3D列印技術，可用的原料非常多元也相對便宜、易於使用，且可以長時間存放。
材料通常是在捲軸上輸送的熱塑性聚合物，通稱為線材。
透過安裝在移動桿上的加熱噴頭擠出線材，擠出的材料可以在列印範圍內層層堆疊、冷卻並固化完成物體。

The most common 3D printing technology, the available raw materials are very diverse, relatively cheap, easy to use, and can be stored for a long time.
The material is usually a thermoplastic polymer conveyed on a reel, commonly known as wire.
The wire is extruded through a heated nozzle mounted on a moving rod, and the extruded material can be stacked, cooled and solidified to complete the object within the printing range.

優點 Advantage：
．多種材料可選，價格較便宜，具有工程特性
．體積小、容易操作和維護，可放在桌面上
．容易保持環境整潔，不需使用額外化學品
．整個過程在機器內部進行，無需額外設備
．設備價格較低，有助縮短產品交期

. Available in a variety of materials, less expensive, with engineering properties
. Small size, easy operation and maintenance, can be placed on the desktop
. Easy to keep the environment clean without the use of additional chemicals
. The entire process takes place inside the machine without additional equipment
. The equipment price is lower, which helps to shorten the product delivery time
缺點 Shortcoming：
．表面通常有絲狀感
．列印品質會影響成品的物理性強度

. The surface is usually silky
. Print quality affects the physical strength of the finished product

2. SLA／DLP／LCD 光固化技術及應用 SLA/DLP/LCD light curing technology and application
光固化技術是使用液態樹脂為原料，把樹脂倒入樹脂槽內並將列印平台浸泡其中，
再以光照面板或雷射UV光束照射到列印平台上，被照射到的樹脂會硬化成型，藉由平台從樹脂槽中升起來層層堆疊成型。材料價格相對其他兩種技術較高；但光固化技術的成品表面最光滑，適合用於精密複雜的零件或珠寶設計。
其中因光照技術不同但技術原理大同小異有：雷射（SLA）、投影器（DLP）、LCD面板（LCD）…等。
以工業精密度來說SLA高於DLP及LCD，同時價格也高出許多，而最親民的為LCD技術。

Light curing technology uses liquid resin as raw material, pours the resin into the resin tank and soaks the printing platform in it.
Then irradiate the printing platform with a light panel or laser UV beam, and the irradiated resin will be hardened and formed, and the platform will be lifted from the resin tank to form a layer by layer. The material price is higher than the other two technologies; however, the light-curing technology has the smoothest finished surface and is suitable for intricate parts or jewelry designs.
Among them, the lighting technology is different but the technical principles are similar: laser (SLA), projector (DLP), LCD panel (LCD)...etc.
The industrial precision, SLA is higher than DLP and LCD, and the price is also much higher, and the most popular is LCD technology.

優點 Advantage：
．可以列印多種屬性的材料
．適合形狀複雜、精細的零件
．成品表面光滑
．設備有封閉性與整體性且容易操作

. Materials with various properties can be printed
. Suitable for complex and delicate parts
. Finished surface is smooth
. The equipment is closed and integrated and easy to operate
缺點 Shortcoming：
．可列印體積相對較小
．通常成品的堅固性相較低
．中空零件須建立讓未固化樹脂流出的小孔
．原料常有化學刺激性或刺鼻味及易燃
．後處理常需使用酒精
．材料具有黏性，須注意環境清潔
．通常需要支撐結構，後處理較費時

. Relatively small print size
. Usually the firmness of the finished product is low
. Hollow parts must create small holes for uncured resin to flow out
. The raw materials are often chemically irritating or pungent and flammable
. Post-processing often requires the use of alcohol
. The material is sticky, pay attention to environmental cleanliness
. Usually a support structure is required and post-processing is time consuming

3. SLS（雷射粉末燒結）技術及應用 SLS (Laser Powder Sintering) Technology and Application
SLS技術使用粉末聚合物作為3D列印原料，將粉末倒入機器中，機器內部會將薄層粉末來回鋪平在列印範圍，
再以雷射光融合材料，並透過微幅的高度升降堆疊並完成印品。由於粉末列印材料會填滿整個內部空間，
因此不須使用支撐結構輔助成型，​適合設計結構複雜、可動性高且懸空細節多的作品。
SLS是三種3D列印技術中成本較高的，使用設備的難度和複雜性較高。

SLS technology uses powdered polymer as raw material for 3D printing, pours the powder into the machine, and inside the machine will spread a thin layer of powder back and forth on the printing area,
Then, the materials are fused with laser light, and the printed products are completed by lifting and lowering with a slight height. Since the powder printing material fills the entire interior space,
Therefore, it is not necessary to use the supporting structure to assist the molding, and it is suitable for the design of works with complex structure, high mobility and many suspended details.
SLS is the higher cost of the three 3D printing technologies, and the difficulty and complexity of using equipment are higher.

優點 Advantage：
．完成品較堅固
．部分材料具有高耐溫及抗化學性
．成品呈現霧面、細緻的磨砂質感
．零件具有較高可動性及機械性能
．列印時不需要支撐結構及材料

. The finished product is sturdy
. Some materials have high temperature and chemical resistance
. The finished product presents a matte, detailed matte texture
. Parts with high mobility and mechanical properties
. No support structures and materials are required for printing
缺點 Shortcoming：
．材料種類或顏色選擇較少
．設備較大
．設備和材料價格較高，操作和維護需要學習
．須配戴口罩防止吸入粉塵
．需要處理後加工和回收粉末

. Less choices of materials or colors
. larger equipment
. Equipment and materials are expensive, and operation and maintenance need to be learned
. Wear a mask to prevent inhalation of dust
. Requires post-processing and recycling of powders

總結上述 In conclusion:

．FDM熱熔融層積技術經濟實惠因此最為常見，也能快速上手，同時只需要最少的後加工和廢料處理。
．SLA光固化技術適合複雜細節的小型物件、造型物體、珠寶、公仔等；成品表面光滑、可以呈現複雜紋理，在三種技  術中的物理性和機械性較少。
．SLS雷射粉末燒結具有最佳的機械性、功能性，強調工業原型的應用，表面呈霧面質感、無須支撐且成品相對堅固耐用；相對而言操作難度較高，需配戴口罩清除粉末。

三種技術各有所長，依需求選用都能3D列印出活動式結構與彈性材質。

. FDM thermal fusion lamination technology is the most common because it is economical and quick to learn, while requiring minimal post-processing and waste disposal.
. SLA light curing technology is suitable for small objects with complex details, modeling objects, jewelry, dolls, etc.; the finished product has a smooth surface and can present complex textures, and has less physical and mechanical properties among the three technologies.
. SLS laser powder sintering has the best mechanical and functional properties, emphasizing the application of industrial prototypes, the surface has a matte texture, does not require support, and the finished product is relatively durable; relatively speaking, the operation is difficult, and a mask needs to be worn to remove the powder.

The three technologies have their own strengths, according to the function can choose print movable structures and elastic materials.

康德富塑膠股份有限公司，位於台中大里區

專營各類塑膠射出製造，塑膠模具開發，射出成形應用範圍包含３Ｃ電子類塑膠、塑膠燈具類、腳踏車塑膠零配件、精密塑膠齒輪、汽車類塑膠零配件、醫療器材塑膠件、高端工程塑膠成型件等等。

1. Kanderfu Plastic Co., Ltd., located in Dali District, Taichung

   Specializing in all kinds of plastic injection manufacturing, plastic mold development, injection molding applications include 3C electronic plastics, plastic lamps, bicycle plastic parts, precision plastic gears, automotive plastic parts, medical equipment plastic parts, high-end engineering plastic molding parts and many more.

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